Have you ever looked into your dog’s eyes and noticed unsightly red or dark brown tear stains? As dedicated pet parents, seeing these dark paths on your dog’s beautiful face can feel incredibly frustrating. You want your dog to feel comfortable and look healthy, yet conventional solutions often rely on harsh chemicals or antibiotics.
At ehomeremedies.com, we believe that God’s natural creation provides gentle, highly effective pathways to restore balance and harmony within your dog’s body. Tear stains, scientifically known as epiphora, are rarely a standalone disease. Instead, they are a physical window into your dog’s systemic health, gut environment, and structural anatomy.
By embracing independent phytotherapy science and species-appropriate nutrition, you can clear these tear stains safely without resorting to toxic synthetic drugs. In this guide, we will walk you through the root causes of excess tearing and share time-tested, veterinary-approved herbal remedies. You will discover how simple adjustments to your dog’s diet, water, and daily grooming routine can bring lasting, beautiful results.
Veterinary Medical Disclaimer: The information in this text is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended to replace professional veterinary advice, diagnosis, or emergency veterinary care. Always consult a qualified holistic veterinarian before starting any new herbal, dietary, or natural treatment regimen for your dog.
Understanding the Root Causes of Canine Epiphora
To truly heal your dog’s tear stains, you must first understand why they occur. Epiphora is the medical term for excessive tearing or abnormal tear drainage. When tears overflow from the eyes, they saturate the surrounding facial fur.
This chronic dampness creates a prime breeding ground for opportunistic yeasts and bacteria. The classic reddish-brown tint you see is caused by porphyrins, which are iron-rich waste molecules produced when red blood cells naturally break down. These porphyrins are excreted through your dog’s tears, saliva, and urine, oxidizing into a rusty color when exposed to air.
Anatomy and Genetics of Excess Tear Production
Your dog’s physical anatomy plays a massive role in tear accumulation. Certain dog breeds, especially brachycephalic dogs like Pugs, Bulldogs, and Shih Tzus, possess shallow eye sockets that prevent tears from pooling naturally.
Also, smaller toy breeds like Maltese, Poodles, and Bichon Frises often suffer from narrow, kinked, or genetically blocked nasolacrimal ducts. When these tiny tear-draining channels cannot function properly, tears have no choice but to spill over onto the face. Chronic tearing can also stem from ingrown eyelashes, known as distichiasis, which constantly rub against the delicate cornea.
Environmental Allergens and Dietary Triggers
Your dog’s immune system reacts strongly to environmental irritants and low-grade dietary toxins. Pollen, household dust, mold, synthetic household cleaners, and chemical room fresheners can easily trigger allergic conjunctivitis.
When your dog’s body detects these irritants, it accelerates tear production to flush the eyes. Dietary sensitivities are another major catalyst. Highly processed commercial kibble packed with artificial colorings, synthetic preservatives, and genetically modified fillers can inflame your dog’s gut, which directly influences mucosal secretions across the entire body.
The Principles of Stewardship and Holistic Pet Care
As stewards of God’s wonderful creation, we are entrusted with the sacred duty to nurture our animal companions using the pure, non-toxic gifts of the Earth. Modern veterinary practices often rely on quick-fix synthetic drugs like Apoquel, steroids, or commercial tear-stain removers that contain hidden antibiotics like tylosin tartrate.
While these conventional options may temporarily halt symptoms, they carry high risks of liver toxicity, kidney strain, and severe gut dysbiosis. Independent phytotherapy science teaches us that true healing starts within the digestive tract.
Recent non-industry-funded research from holistic veterinary universities highlights a profound gut-eye axis in canines. When your dog’s gut microbiome is healthy and robust, the systemic immune response remains stable, drastically reducing inflammatory mucosal discharges like excess tears. Protecting your dog’s internal biome is the ultimate foundation for bright eyes and clean fur.
Safe and Gentle Topical Natural Remedies
Applying safe, organic herbal washes directly to your dog’s tear-stained fur is a wonderful way to soothe irritated skin. Because the eye area is incredibly sensitive, we must never use harsh bleaching agents, hydrogen peroxide, or synthetic chemicals.
Instead, we harness the power of healing herbs to balance skin pH and eliminate yeast overgrowth. Below are the first seven of our master-crafted, chronological home remedies designed for gentle, topical relief.
Calming Chamomile Tea Compresses
Chamomile is highly celebrated in phytotherapy for its active botanical compounds, specifically apigenin and chamazulene. These powerful compounds work together to inhibit inflammatory enzymes and calm localized swelling in the delicate tissues surrounding your dog’s eyes.
Remedy 1: Chamomile Flower Eye Infusion
- What You Need: 1 tablespoon of organic dried chamomile flowers (Matricaria recutita), 1 cup of boiling purified spring water.
- Preparation: Steep the chamomile flowers in the boiling water for 10 minutes. Strain the mixture carefully through a paper coffee filter to ensure absolutely no physical plant particles remain, then let it cool to room temperature.
- Targeted Use: Soothes inflamed conjunctival tissues and gently cleanses early tear-stain buildup.
- Specific Dosage: Soak a clean, organic cotton ball in the cooled infusion. Gently wipe the damp fur below and around your dog’s eyes. (STRICT: Keep toxic human foods like Xylitol, chocolate, grapes, onions, or macadamia nuts completely away from your dog’s reach).
- Frequency: Wipe the area 2 times per day for 7 consecutive days.
- Safety Warnings: Do not use if your dog has a known allergy to the Asteraceae (daisy) family. Ensure no liquid drips directly into the eyeball.
Remedy 2: Calendula & Chamomile Compounding Wash
- What You Need: 1 teaspoon of dried organic calendula petals, 1 teaspoon of dried organic chamomile, 1.5 cups of boiling purified water.
- Preparation: Combine both herbs in a glass jar, pour boiling water over them, and cover tightly. Steep for 15 minutes, strain thoroughly through a fine mesh filter, and cool completely.
- Targeted Use: Targets mild bacterial or yeast overgrowth on damp, stained facial fur.
- Specific Dosage: Apply the cool liquid with a soft bamboo cloth to the stained fur, avoiding the eyeball itself. (STRICT: Ensure no toxic human foods like Xylitol, chocolate, grapes, onions, or macadamia nuts are used in your dog’s environment).
- Frequency: Apply 2 times daily for 10 consecutive days.
- Safety Warnings: Not for use on open wounds or deeply ulcerated skin. Do not use on pregnant dogs without consulting your holistic veterinarian.
Diluted Apple Cider Vinegar for Tear-Stained Fur
Raw, organic apple cider vinegar (ACV) containing the “mother” is rich in beneficial enzymes and natural acetic acid. Applying highly diluted ACV to your dog’s facial fur helps lower the skin’s pH, creating an acidic environment that halts the growth of red yeast and bacteria.
Remedy 3: Diluted Apple Cider Vinegar Fur Wipe
- What You Need: 1 tablespoon of raw, organic apple cider vinegar (with the “mother”), 1 cup of warm purified spring water.
- Preparation: Combine the raw ACV and warm purified water in a sterile glass container and stir thoroughly.
- Targeted Use: Alkaline-to-acid pH correction on facial fur to prevent yeast proliferation.
- Specific Dosage: Moisten a clean organic cotton pad with the diluted mixture and wipe the stained fur below the eyes. (STRICT: Never feed your dog toxic items like Xylitol, chocolate, grapes, onions, or macadamia nuts).
- Frequency: Use once daily for 5 consecutive days.
- Safety Warnings: ACV is highly irritating to the eyes. Avoid any contact with the eyeballs, and discontinue immediately if skin irritation occurs.
Remedy 4: Witch Hazel and Calendula Soothing Fur Wipe
- What You Need: 1 tablespoon of 100% alcohol-free witch hazel extract, 1/2 cup of freshly brewed and cooled calendula flower tea.
- Preparation: Pour the alcohol-free witch hazel directly into the cooled calendula tea and stir gently until fully incorporated.
- Targeted Use: Gentle astringent cleansing that tightens weepy skin tissues under the eyes and eliminates stubborn yeast odor.
- Specific Dosage: Saturate a sterile cotton pad with the solution and carefully wipe the stained fur tracks below the inner corner of the eye. Use a fresh pad for each eye.
- Frequency: Apply once daily for 7 consecutive days.
- Safety Warnings: Ensure the witch hazel is strictly 100% alcohol-free to prevent painful skin burning. For external fur use only; do not let the liquid drip into the eyeball.
Extra Virgin Coconut Oil as a Natural Moisture Barrier
Organic, unrefined extra virgin coconut oil is packed with lauric acid, a medium-chain fatty acid renowned for its natural anti-fungal properties. When applied to dry facial fur, it forms a safe, breathable hydrophobic barrier that prevents tear moisture from soaking into the hair shaft.
Remedy 5: Virgin Coconut Oil Fur Barrier
- What You Need: 1/2 teaspoon of organic, unrefined, cold-pressed extra virgin coconut oil.
- Preparation: Rub the coconut oil between your clean fingertips to melt it slightly.
- Targeted Use: Creates a natural moisture barrier to repel tears and keep facial skin dry.
- Specific Dosage: Gently massage a very thin layer into the dry, clean fur beneath your dog’s eyes. (STRICT: Avoid exposing your dog to toxic human ingredients like Xylitol, chocolate, grapes, onions, or macadamia nuts).
- Frequency: Apply once daily for up to 14 consecutive days.
- Safety Warnings: Do not apply to damp or wet fur, as this can trap moisture against the skin. Monitor the hair follicles for any signs of clogging.
Remedy 6: Coconut and Calendula Healing Balm
- What You Need: 1 tablespoon of organic coconut oil, 1 teaspoon of dried organic calendula flowers.
- Preparation: Warm the coconut oil on low heat, stir in the calendula petals, and let steep for 1 hour. Strain out the petals, pour the liquid into a clean jar, and let it solidify.
- Targeted Use: Soothes raw, irritated, or chafed skin underneath chronic tear stains.
- Specific Dosage: Apply a pea-sized amount of the balm to the dry, stained skin under each eye. (STRICT: Ensure no toxic human ingredients like Xylitol, chocolate, grapes, onions, or macadamia nuts are present in your home).
- Frequency: Apply once daily at night for 10 consecutive days.
- Safety Warnings: Discontinue if your dog rubs their eyes persistently. Safe for puppies over 8 weeks of age.
Remedy 7: Eyebright (Euphrasia) Herbal Tea Compress
- What You Need: 1 teaspoon of dried organic eyebright herb (Euphrasia officinalis), 1 cup of boiling purified water.
- Preparation: Steep the eyebright in boiling water for 12 minutes, strain perfectly using a paper coffee filter, and allow to cool completely.
- Targeted Use: Specifically targets inflamed, watery eyes and helps reduce excessive tearing naturally.
- Specific Dosage: Soak a clean cotton pad and gently hold it as a compress to the closed eye area. (STRICT: Never expose your dog to dangerous toxic foods like Xylitol, chocolate, grapes, onions, or macadamia nuts).
- Frequency: Use twice daily for 5 consecutive days.
- Safety Warnings: Ensure the liquid is completely strained of all plant particles to avoid corneal scratches. Do not drop directly into the eyes unless formulated as a sterile commercial veterinary wash.
Simple Dietary Adjustments to Prevent Staining
To eliminate tear stains permanently, we must look beyond topical washes and address your dog’s internal biochemistry. High concentrations of minerals and synthetic additives in your dog’s diet and water directly increase porphyrin levels in their bodily secretions.
By simplifying what your dog ingests, you can reduce the workload of their liver and kidneys. This preventive care ensures that metabolic waste is eliminated naturally through the digestive tract rather than leaking out through the tear ducts.
Switching to Filtered or Purified Drinking Water
Tap water is often heavily chlorinated and filled with high levels of minerals, particularly iron, copper, and fluoride. When your dog drinks this water, these excess minerals react with their saliva and tears, accelerating the oxidation process that turns fur a rusty brown.
Remedy 8: Purified Spring Water with Colloidal Silver
- What You Need: 32 ounces of pure spring water, 1 teaspoon of 10 PPM pure colloidal silver.
- Preparation: Mix the colloidal silver thoroughly into the purified spring water and pour into a glass or ceramic dog bowl.
- Targeted Use: Provides natural systemic antimicrobial support to balance oral and ocular bacterial biomes.
- Specific Dosage: Serve as your dog’s primary drinking water based on body weight (approx. 1 cup per 10 lbs of body weight daily). (STRICT: Ensure your dog is never exposed to toxic human foods like Xylitol, chocolate, grapes, onions, or macadamia nuts).
- Frequency: Offer daily for 10 consecutive days, then transition back to plain purified spring water.
- Safety Warnings: Do not exceed 10 consecutive days of colloidal silver administration. Not recommended for pregnant or lactating dogs.
Remedy 9: Chlorophyll-Infused Water Booster
- What You Need: 1 drop of organic liquid sodium copper chlorophyllin, 1 cup of purified drinking water.
- Preparation: Add the liquid chlorophyll to your dog’s water bowl and stir well.
- Targeted Use: Internal detoxification and reduction of systemic porphyrin excretion.
- Specific Dosage: 1 drop of liquid chlorophyll per 10 lbs of your dog’s body weight in their water bowl. (STRICT: Always keep toxic ingredients like Xylitol, chocolate, grapes, onions, or macadamia nuts away from your pets).
- Frequency: Administer once daily for 14 consecutive days.
- Safety Warnings: May cause temporarily darker stools, which is completely normal. Reduce the dosage if your dog experiences loose stools.
Eliminating Fillers with a Clean, Whole-Food Diet
Commercial dry dog foods are often packed with inflammatory grains, synthetic preservatives (like BHA and BHT), and artificial flavorings that overwork your dog’s liver. Transitioning to a clean, species-appropriate fresh diet allows your dog’s body to process nutrients cleanly, resulting in dry, stain-free eyes.
Remedy 10: Species-Appropriate Raw Diet Transition
- What You Need: 80% raw grass-fed muscle meat, 10% raw bone, 10% organ meats (liver/kidneys), sourced from clean organic suppliers.
- Preparation: Portion the fresh raw ingredients according to your dog’s daily energy needs.
- Targeted Use: Eliminates inflammatory grains, synthetic preservatives, and high-iron fillers that fuel tear stains.
- Specific Dosage: Feed 2% to 3% of your dog’s target adult body weight daily. (STRICT: Verify that your raw food has zero contact with toxic human foods like Xylitol, chocolate, grapes, onions, or macadamia nuts).
- Frequency: Feed daily as their primary meal long-term.
- Safety Warnings: Transition slowly over 7 to 10 days to prevent digestive upset. Consult a holistic veterinary nutritionist for balanced formulations.
Remedy 11: Home-Brewed Bone Broth with Fresh Parsley
- What You Need: 2 lbs of organic grass-fed beef bones, 1 bunch of fresh organic parsley, 4 quarts of purified water.
- Preparation: Simmer the bones in water for 24 hours. Add the fresh parsley during the last 15 minutes, cool completely, skim off the surface fat, and strain out all bones.
- Targeted Use: Supports gut lining integrity (leaky gut defense) to lower systemic inflammatory responses.
- Specific Dosage: Add 1 tablespoon of broth per 10 lbs of dog body weight directly to their daily meals. (STRICT: Absolutely exclude toxic ingredients like Xylitol, chocolate, grapes, onions, or macadamia nuts from the recipe).
- Frequency: Give once daily for 30 consecutive days.
- Safety Warnings: Never feed cooked bones to your dog as they can splinter and cause internal damage.
Remedy 12: Pumpkin and Dandelion Leaf Digestive Mash
- What You Need: 2 tablespoons of organic plain canned pumpkin puree (NOT pumpkin pie mix), 1/4 teaspoon of organic dried dandelion leaf (Taraxacum officinale).
- Preparation: Mix the pumpkin puree and dried dandelion leaf thoroughly in a clean dish.
- Targeted Use: Enhances liver detoxification pathways and optimizes bowel elimination of metabolic waste.
- Specific Dosage: Feed 1 teaspoon of the mixture per 10 lbs of body weight mixed into their daily food. (STRICT: Never use pumpkin pie filling containing toxic spices or Xylitol).
- Frequency: Give once daily for 14 consecutive days.
- Safety Warnings: Ensure the pumpkin is 100% pure. Safe for all breeds and life stages.
Table 1: Canine Diet Guide
| Toxic Foods & Inflammatory Triggers to Avoid | Healing, Species-Appropriate Dog Foods to Emphasize |
|---|---|
| Tap water (high iron, chlorine, fluoride) | Purified spring water or reverse osmosis water |
| Commercial kibble with wheat, corn, soy | Organic, grass-fed raw or gently cooked meats |
| Synthetic preservatives (BHA, BHT, ethoxyquin) | Organic organ meats (liver, kidney, spleen) |
| Artificial food colorings and chemical dyes | Fresh organic parsley and leafy green herbs |
| Toxic human foods: Xylitol, chocolate, grapes, onions, macadamia nuts | Fresh wild-caught low-mercury fish (sardines) |
Table 2: Canine Vital Signs & Stool Guide
| Stool Consistency | Internal Gut & Health Status | Action Required |
|---|---|---|
| Firm, brown, holds shape | Excellent gut health: balanced microbiome | Maintain current raw/whole-food diet |
| Loose, watery, or mucous-covered | Gut dysbiosis: active systemic inflammation | Introduce SBO probiotics and bone broth |
| Hard, dry, crumbly pebbles | Chronic dehydration: sluggish digestion | Increase purified water intake and raw food |
| Tarry black or containing blood | Severe internal inflammation or bleeding | Seek emergency holistic veterinary care immediately |
Supporting Canine Health with Natural Supplements
To provide deeper support, you can introduce targeted botanical supplements that calm systemic inflammation and optimize liver and kidney function.
These systemic remedies help clear your dog’s pathways of elimination, ensuring that metabolic waste does not manifest as ocular discharge. Below are the final four chronological remedies in our comprehensive program.
Remedy 13: Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil with Astaxanthin
- What You Need: High-quality, cold-pressed wild Alaskan salmon oil containing natural astaxanthin.
- Preparation: Measure the oil directly using the manufacturer’s dropper or pump.
- Targeted Use: Provides EPA and DHA fatty acids to reduce chronic systemic and ocular inflammation.
- Specific Dosage: Administer 1/4 teaspoon per 15 lbs of dog body weight. (STRICT: Never allow access to toxic human foods like Xylitol, chocolate, grapes, onions, or macadamia nuts).
- Frequency: Give once daily with food for 30 consecutive days.
- Safety Warnings: Use caution in dogs prone to pancreatitis. Store in the refrigerator to prevent rancidity.
Remedy 14: Soil-Based Organism (SBO) Probiotic Blend
- What You Need: Active SBO probiotics (such as Bacillus coagulans) formulated for canines.
- Preparation: Measure the powder according to the package directions.
- Targeted Use: Rebuilds gut flora, preventing systemic yeast overgrowth that worsens tear-stain discoloration.
- Specific Dosage: 1 billion CFUs per 20 lbs of dog body weight mixed into a small amount of raw goat milk. (STRICT: Do not mix with toxic human foods like Xylitol, chocolate, grapes, onions, or macadamia nuts).
- Frequency: Give once daily in the morning for 21 consecutive days.
- Safety Warnings: Monitor for initial mild gas: reduce dosage by half if digestion seems upset.
Remedy 15: Organic Cranberry Powder Urinary & pH Balancer
- What You Need: 100% pure organic cranberry powder (unsweetened, no additives).
- Preparation: Measure the dry powder directly.
- Targeted Use: Modulates systemic pH and reduces bad bacterial colonization in bodily secretions.
- Specific Dosage: Give 1/8 teaspoon per 10 lbs of dog body weight mixed into their food. (STRICT: Verify the powder has no artificial sweeteners like Xylitol, and keep grapes/raisins strictly away).
- Frequency: Administer once daily for 14 consecutive days.
- Safety Warnings: Do not use if your dog has a history of calcium oxalate bladder stones.
Remedy 16: Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Liver Detox Infusion
- What You Need: 1/2 teaspoon organic milk thistle seed powder, 1 cup boiling purified water.
- Preparation: Steep the powder in boiling water for 15 minutes, strain thoroughly, and cool.
- Targeted Use: Supports the liver in filtering out excess iron and metabolic waste before they exit via tears.
- Specific Dosage: Give 1 teaspoon of the strained liquid per 10 lbs of dog body weight. (STRICT: Ensure zero contact with toxic human foods like Xylitol, chocolate, grapes, onions, or macadamia nuts).
- Frequency: Give twice daily for 10 consecutive days.
- Safety Warnings: Do not use as a daily lifelong supplement: use only for short-term detox periods. Avoid in pregnant or nursing dogs.
Table 3: Safety Check
| Strictly Toxic Herbs & Essential Oils | Dog-Safe Botanical Alternatives |
|---|---|
| Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) | Organic Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) |
| Pennyroyal Oil (highly toxic to liver) | Organic Calendula (Calendula officinalis) |
| Oregano Oil (undiluted d-limonene toxicity) | Unrefined Cold-Pressed Coconut Oil |
| Garlic and Onion extracts (causes Heinz body anemia) | Fresh organic dandelion leaf or parsley |
| Bitter Almond Oil (contains cyanide precursors) | Pure Eyebright herb (Euphrasia officinalis) |
Table 4: Final Summary Chart
| Remedy / Pairing | Benefit for Dogs | Biological Mechanism | Correct Application Route |
| Chamomile Infusion | Calms swelling and cleanses ocular area | Apigenin inhibits inflammatory COX-2 pathways | Topical Compress: Wipe fur around the closed eye area. |
| Diluted Apple Cider Vinegar | Halts red yeast and bacterial growth | Lowers fur pH to create an inhospitable environment | Topical Wipe: Apply strictly to stained hair, avoid eyeballs. |
| Witch Hazel & Calendula | Reduces weepy skin tissue inflammation | Natural tannins constrict swollen blood vessels | Topical Perimeter Wipe: Clean under-eye fur tracks gently. |
| Purified Spring Water | Eliminates mineral-driven staining | Reduces iron and copper concentrations in bodily fluids | Internal Hydration: Primary daily drinking water source. |
| Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil | Reduces systemic ocular irritation | EPA and DHA suppress inflammatory cytokine production | Internal Dietary: Mix calculated dose directly into daily food. |
Next Steps for a Daily Grooming and Prevention Routine
To maintain your dog’s bright eyes, establish a consistent daily rhythm. Clean your dog’s eye area at least once or twice daily with a damp, warm organic cloth. Keep the fur around their eyes carefully trimmed to prevent loose hairs from scratching the cornea and triggering excess tearing.
By combining topical herbal compresses, filtered spring water, and a fresh raw food diet, you are addressing the issue from both inside and out. Always monitor your dog’s eye discharge, and if you ever notice signs of eye pain, cloudiness, or green discharge, consult your veterinarian immediately.
Embracing natural pet care is a beautiful expression of stewardship. We hope these gentle, effective remedies bring comfort to your dog. For more faith-filled, science-backed natural health guides for your family and pets, please explore our extensive resources at ehomeremedies.com.
Frequently Asked Questions About Dog Tear Stains
What causes the reddish-brown color in dog tear stains?
The reddish-brown color is caused by porphyrins, which are iron-containing molecules naturally excreted in a dog’s tears. When these porphyrins are exposed to air and light, they oxidize and create the characteristic rusty stain on the fur, especially on lighter-colored dogs.
How can switching to filtered water help with my dog’s tear stains?
Tap water often contains high levels of minerals, particularly iron, which can worsen the discoloration from porphyrins in tears. Switching to filtered or purified spring water reduces this mineral load, helping to lessen the intensity of the dog tear stains from the inside out.
Is it safe to use a chamomile compress for my dog’s eyes?
Yes, a cooled, well-strained chamomile tea compress is a safe and gentle natural remedy for cleaning the fur around the eyes. It can help soothe irritated skin and reduce inflammation. However, ensure the liquid does not drip directly into the eye to avoid irritation.
Can changing my dog’s diet reduce tear staining?
Absolutely. A diet free from artificial colors, fillers, and preservatives can reduce systemic inflammation that may cause excessive tearing. Transitioning to a high-quality, whole-food or species-appropriate diet can be a foundational step in managing and preventing dog tear stains long-term.
How often should I clean my dog’s tear-stained fur?
For best results, you should gently clean the fur around your dog’s eyes once or twice daily with a soft, damp cloth. Consistent cleaning prevents moisture from accumulating, which discourages the yeast and bacteria growth that can contribute to staining and skin irritation.
When should I see a veterinarian for my dog’s tear stains?
Consult a vet if the tearing is sudden, excessive, or accompanied by redness, swelling, squinting, or a green or yellow discharge. These could be signs of an underlying medical issue, such as a blocked tear duct, infection, or eye injury that requires professional diagnosis and treatment.